Moni Mohsin Sharmeen

Moni Mohsin Sharmeen in most of her works highlights the inequality with women which was prevailed in her society. She is aware from the current situation and what is needed in market. She doesn't highlight only of the suffering of women but she much aware about the facts that now a days feminism was in prevailing position and the voice in favour of feminism definitely discussed in society. These types of writers are inviting negative comments as for their publicity. 

There are many places where the writer try to show the reality. Many people not like Arvind Adiga because he shows the reality of India,bad side of India so people who liked to see the glory of their nation and not accept him. 

The prime duty of any literary writer is to present the contemporary issues and pictures of nation. Everyone has the right to voice and freedom of expression. So, they are free to country. But many follower of ideology and political discourses try to banned this kind of harsh reality because they do not bear the bad images of their culture and country. 

Generally, the writer must write about the glory and positive that western people give awards on our bed images and they are happy because western people feel happy when they see our poor condition. If we want to reform our poor society then this kind of work is very important to open the eyes of power. 

Rivers and Tides

Andy Golds worthy is a British Sculptur, photographer and environmentalist who produces site specific sculpture and land art situated in natural and urban setting. He don't use any particular tool to create his piece of art. He goes to the nature, finds something which is given by nature, and after making it back to the nature. He is working with time. He knows when the sea will touch his work. He knows after how many days the art will show up. With that understanding of time he creates something beautiful. He believes i flow, flow of everything. He also says that everything has fluidity. Here we are talking about his documentary, "River and Tides - Working with Time".

With the passage of time this stone house is dissolved in river. Time is powerful and nothing is immortal. There is one poem by Shakespeare "Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments" which deals with the theme of immortality through verse. The thought is about the futility of monuments and statues is developed and wounded up very skillfully.

Here, we can see that how he represents the process of life and death through nature. The very thing that brought it to life,  will bring about death. It represents that everything in life is temporary and everything will be changed or destroyed as the time passes.

Deconstruction and Derrida

"Structure sign and play in the Discourse of the Human sciences".

Deconstruction is a theory and pactice of reading which questions and claims to 'subvert' or 'undermine' the assumption that the system of language provides grounds that are adequate to establish the boundaries, the coherence or unity, and the determinate meaning of literary text.

Derrida combines two characteristics of the language mentioned above : the arbitariness or the tendency to defer the ultimate and final meaning, and the systematic differentiality of, language and coins a new term "differance" the tendency or the force of language to defer and differ that is intrinsic to language. The new term is a pun, and is possible in French as the word differer can mean either to differ or to defer, depending on context.

Derrida's assertion that deconstruction is not something that you do, but something which happens to text implies that it is the force of 'difference' which is the part of the production and signification of binaries and their subversion and the resultant aporia, rather than a person, school or a historical period causing it.


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In this video we can see that the family is living with joint family. There are so many members in the family. There are two women serve the dinner to family. One woman serve to her child. But we can see that mother and her child unpleased to each other. Mother tries to give a lesson to her child because he stolen money from here purse, but woman's mother in law and father in law and her husband don't favour to woman and encouraged to child. Her husband also said that the money is earning from him not her fathers. But at last the head of the home/ woman's grand father in law stands with her and favour to woman. Here, we can see that the head of the home is deconstruct the idea and rigid rituals of society.

The term deconstruction has become very popular in literary criticism and theory, its precise meaning is extremely problematic. It has had an enormous influence in psychology, literary theory, culture studies linguistics feminism, sociology and anthropology.  It has influenced a wide range of theoratical approaches to literary studies like feminism and gender studies, cultural materialism, new historicism post colonial studies, Marxism, Pychologysis and so on. It involves the close reading of text has irreconcilably contradictory meanings, rather than being a unified, logical whole. Though it is often misunderstood as negative activity of deconstruction, it is in many ways continuation of Heideggerian project of dismantling and transforming the entire tradition and architecture of western thought by building upon the insights from contemporary linguistics regarding the mechanism of language and meaning production.

Structuralism Theory

Structuralism

Structuralism is the offshoot of certain developments in linguistics and anthropology. Saussure's mode of the synchronic study of language was an attempt to formulate the grammar of a language from a study of language was an attempt to formulate the grammar of a language from a study of parole. Using the Saussurian linguistic model, Claude Levi Strauss examined the  customs and conventions of some cultures with a view of arriving at the grammar of those cultures.

The best work in structuralist poetics has been done in the field of narrative. A literary critic applying a structuralist literary theory might say that authors of West side story did not write really anything new because their work has the same structure as Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

Gerard Genette is a French literary theorist associated in particular with the Structuralist's movement and such figures as Roland Barthes and Claude Levi Strauss, from whom he adapted the concept of bricolage. Here, I apply his five concept which he used in Narrative Discourse: An essay in method:

1) Order

2) Frequency

3) Duration

4) Voice

5) Mood

1) Order

Story arrangements like simple a murder occurs event -1 then the circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective event -2 and finally the murder is caught event -3. Generally Savdhan India Tv serial following these type of Chronological.

    Some times it is different like first event is like discovery then flashback and resolution.

2) Frequency

The separation between an event and its narration allows several possibilities. 

An event can be occured once and be narrated once.

An event can be ocuured once and be narrated many times. For example: serial Tarak Mehta ka Ooltah Chasmah. In this serial the event was happened once but narrated many times.

3) Duration

There are the two main elements of duration.

First is ten years passed but a short narrative time it mean they narrated in few seconds. For examplel; 

Tv serial 'Sath Nibhana Sathiya' and 'Bedai". In these serials narrated many times left few years.

• Second is relatively short discourse time but it is describe such long time.

For example; movie 'NH 10' , and 'A Wednesday'.

4) Voice

Voice is concerned with who narrates and from where. This can be split four ways: 

1.  Intera - diegetic       Inside the text
2. Extra - diegetic         Outside the text
3. Hetero - diegetic      The narrator is not a character in the story. For example, Samay in Mahabharata.

1. Homo - diegetic       The narrator is a character in the story. For example, PK movie. Anushka Sharma narrated story and she was also the character of the movie. And in 3 Ediots Movie, Farahn narrated story and he was the character of the movie.

5) Mood 

Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the distance and perspective of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice.

    Thus, Genette concept of Structuralism is different from other and his concept is most f including all narrative techniques.

The Archetypes of Literature.... Northrop Frye

Northrop Frye, in full Herman Northrop Frye, Canadian educator and critic who wrote much on "Canadian Literature" and culture and became best known as one of the most important literary theorists of the 20th century.

1.What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the Archetypal critic do?

In literary Criticism the term " archetype" denotes recurrent narratives designs, patterns of actions, character- type, themes & images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature, as well as in myths, dreams and even social rituals.
Such recurrent items are held to be the result of elemental & universal forms or patterns in the human psyche, whose effective embodiment in a literary work evokes a profound response from the attentive reader, because he or she shares the psychic archetypes expressed by the author.

2.What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of "Physics to Nature" & "Criticism to Literature"?

Northrop Frye has given a very unique idea of Archetypal Criticism by comparing the human emotions or human Characteristics with the cycle of seasons.

●Each season is aligned with a literary genre:-
1.Comedy with SPRING
2.Romance with SUMMER
3.Tragedy with AUTUMN
4.Satire with WINTER.

◆ Spring :-

The spring season represents the Comedy. As per the genre of comedy is characterized by the birth of the hero, revival & resurrection. Spring also symbolizes the defeat of winter & darkness.

◆ Summer:-

The season of Summer indicates Romance because Summer is the culmination of life in the seasonal celendar, & the romance genre culminates with some short of triumph,usually marriage.

◆ Autumn:-

Autumn season signify the genre of Tragedy. As the autumn is the dying stage of the seasonal calendar that's why the Autumn is parallels to the genre of Tragedy, because the genre of Tragedy is known for the fall on demise of the protagonist.

◆ Winter:-

The season of winter denotes the satire genre because of it's darkness. It's a disillusioned & mocking form of the three other genres. It is notes for its darkness, dissolution, the return of chaos & the defeat of heroic figure.

3. Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. mention relation of literature with his & philosophy.

Literature is central division of the Humanities, flanked on one side by History & on the other side by Philosophy.
Here we can say that history and philosophy are twin pillars of literature. History represents what was happened in past.Basically history is about past events & actions. While philosophy is about morality & ethics of life & literature.
Frye has used the word "Centrifugal" which means to go away from literature & find background to understand literature.
    So for the better understanding of literature readers have to refer framework of history & philosophy for the understanding of ethics.

4. Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's Scene.

Inductive method is journey which leads from specific to general. As we read some specific literary work & comes to a general conclusion, in this way we extend from specific outcome to general outcome.
    The best example of this method is grave digging scene from Hamlet. It is a specific scene & from that scene we come to some general conclusion.
    In that scene there were two grave diggers & they seemed in quite in harmony with their work. They were talking with one another & singing a song during the time of grave digging. They were also mocking on dead Ophelia & commented that whether she allowed to buried or not. Here we can see that they have no grief for deadly one.

5. Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, Rhythm & Pattern. Give example of the outcome of deductive method.

Deductive method is a journey from general to specific.Music & Rhythm both are the form of an art. Music is a form of art which moves in time and Painting also is a form of art which moves in space. Music is rhythm and painting is a pattern. In a music we can understand the rhythm of it while in painting we can understand the pattern of it. Rhythm is a narrative form, while pattern is simultaneous mental grasp of verbal structure and it has meaning and significance. It provides a mental visuals. By listening some of the music we can't get everything, but when we see the visual images (paintings) ...we can get the actual idea of the patterns.

6. Refer to the Indian seasonal grid. If you can, please read small Gujarati, Hindi or English poem from the Archetypal approach & apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

According to Hindu scriptures, the 6 seasons are:-
1.Spring
2.Summer
3.Monsoon
4.Autumn
5.Pre-Winter
6.Winter

    Here poet talks about the 5 different seasons in this above poem through the student.

Five different seasons are:-
●Spring
●Summer
●Autumn
●Monsoon &
●Winter
In the very beginning of the stanza student talks about Spring season. He wanted to dance & also sing a song by seen the beauty of the spring.
The season of spring indicates the lots of happiness in nature or we can say that it brings a new life for nature as well as human life.
But here we can find a major difference between Western seasonal & Indian seasonal grid. In the Western world Spring symbolizes the defeat of winter & darkness while in the India Spring is symbolizes as the new life of Nature.

I.A. Richards Figurative Language

I . A. Richard

Ivor Armstrong Richard, known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, and rhetorician whose work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory, which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self contained, self-referential aesthetic object.

Richard's intellectual contributions to the establishments of the literary methodology of the New Criticism are presented in the books The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism, by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism , practical criticism and The Philosophy of Rhetoric.

four kinds of meaning

1. Sense is what is said, or the 'items' referred to by a writer.
2. Feeling refers to emotions, emotional attitudes, will, desire, pleasure, displeasure and the rest. When we say something we have a feeling about it, "an attitude towards it, some special direction, bias or accentuation of interest towards it, some personal flavour or coloring of feelings, these nuances of interest.
3.  Tone is the writer’s attitude to his readers or audience. The use of language is determined by the writer’s ‘recognition’ of his relation to his readers.
4. Intention is the writer’s aim, which may be conscious or unconscious. It refers to the effect that he tries to produce. This purpose modifies the expression. It controls the emphasis, shapes the arrangement, or draws attention to something of importance.

Suraj Hua MaddhamSonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik,

 ...Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga...

Suraj Hua Maddham, 

Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga...

Main Thehra Raha,

 Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Oh, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Ho Oh Oh, Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh,

 Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa

Suraj Hua Maddham,

 Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga

Main Thehri Rahi,

 Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Hai Khoobsurat Yeh Pal, 

Sab Kuch Raha Hai Badal

Sapne Haqeeqat Mein Jo Dhal Rahe Hai

Kya Sadiyon Se Puraana 

Hai Rishtaa Yeh Hamaara

Ke Jis Tarha Tumse 

Hum Mil Rahe HaiYunhi 

Rahe Har Dam Pyaar Ka Mausam

Yunhi Milo Humse Tum Janam 

JanamMain Thehra Raha, 

Zameen Chalne Lagi

La La La, La La La, La La La

Dhadka Yeh Dil, 

Saans Thamne Lagi

Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Tere Hi Rang Se 

Yun Main To Rangeen Hoon SanamPaake Tujhe Khud Se Hi Kho Rahi Hoon Sanam

O Maahiya, Ve Tere Ishq MeinHaan Doobke Paar Main Ho Rahi Hoon

 SanamSaagar Hua Pyaasa, 

Raat Jagne Lagi

Sholo Ke Dil Mein Bhi Aag Jalne Lagi

Main Thehri Lagi, 

Zameen Chalne Lagi

Dhadka Yeh Dil,

 Saans Thamne Lagi

Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

SajnaKya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

Suraj Hua Maddham

Chaand Jalne Laga

Aasmaan Yeh Haai

Kyoon Pighalne Laga

Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai

How can Moon burn? How can Sky melt? How can Land walk? It is impossible but writer used metaphoric language. In this song we can find feelings of lovers to each other. Writer try to show lover's feelings through metaphors.
Lovers feel that in love, all things are not as it is but all things are changed. And they can find that all things are beautiful in love. They can also feel that their dreams are changed in reality. They have also a question in their mind that, is their relationship since before long long ago? They want to meet in all born. 
Beloved tells that she follows her lover. She lost her self behind her lover. 

How can sea thrust? How can night awake? 

Here, writer used personification very well. And also asked many questions in this song.

T.S.Eliot Thinking Activity

1) How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of tradition?  Do you agree with it?

• Yes, I am agree with the definition of tradition given by Eliot. He gave very effective and modern definition. He point out that tradition is matter of much wider significance. Eliot says that tradition cannot be inherited. Tradition involves a great deal of labor and erudition. It involves the historical sense which involves apparition not only of the pastness of past but also of its presence. Eliot is not believing in slavish imitation of his tradition. Eliot has presented trend or any particular method which should be followed. Tradition is not only described in the sense of following but as an awareness of history to make future.

2) What do you understand by Historical sense? 

• "The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence".

                Through this line, we can understand that the poet is aware about the tradition of the past and he is also aware of the present tradition-in which pattern the writer of the past and present has been writing.

                 Eliot says, "This historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional" which means that with the help of historical sense a writer can write timeless and temporal together and which makes the writer traditional and not the slavish imitation. A historical sense is not just senses of history as a past but it is also an understanding of the present, the present is the unfolding of the past. As a writer one can must have the historical sense.

3) What is the relationship between "Tradition" and "Individual Talent" according to the poet T.S.Eliot?

• There is a proverb, "Every coin has two sides". And we can apply this proverb here and says that individual talent is a part of tradition as like a brick and building. Any individual work itself could not create such effect as tradition can. Individual talent to expand or extent something new in existing tradition by keeping harmony with the tradition and give it more beauty and meaning and also make their own place in the huge tradition.

4) Explain quote, " Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum".

• In above given quote, Eliot talks about the greatness of Shakespeare and his historical sense. It is not the necessary for a poet to read all the literary history of the past but one has to have understanding of human nature. Shakespeare has absorbed his age, so, he seems to absorbed and lived through hi age and absorbed his age.

5) Explain: "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is direct not upon poet but upon poetry".

• In this quotation, Eliot tries to explain  honest criticism and appreciation. He says that any poetry cannot be judged by its poet. He mentioned that critic must have to appreciate the work and never criticized by the name of writer. Generally, we noticed that critics mostly judge poetry or any literary work by name of writer not by work itself. Here, Eliot denies that partial nature of critics and advised them to be honest and criticize or appreciate the poetry only by itself.

6) How would you like to explain Eliot's theory of denationalization? You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, platinum.

• The theory of Denationalization means, the poetry is more important than the poet. It means the poet has to separate his personal emotions from his poetry. Eliot says that the difference between mature and immature poets can be found out by liberty of special and very varied feelings that can enter into new combinations.
•  Eliot gives illustration from science - chemistry. In the process of being Sulfur's acid; Sulfur dioxide. And also they must have the presence of filament 'Platinum'. He compares this platinum with the poet. Eliot insists that the mind of the poet should be like that shared of platinum. It should give its total contribution in creating poetry.

7) Explain: " poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality".

• In this quote, Eliot says that when be remain to aloof from his feelings. To write poetry is a great deal. When a poet becomes personal while writing poetry, he will be considered as a 'bad-poet'. Because he becomes unconscious, where he should be conscious and he becomes conscious where he must be unconscious. When a poet escapes from his personality, then and then the great poem comes out. A poet must not show his emotion in poetry.

 8) Write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic.

• Eliot's view of escape from emotion and escape from personality.
• The idea of depersonalization that the man who suffers and the mind which creates are different.